西宁近郊大气氮干湿沉降研究

本研究在青海省西宁市城郊二十里铺莫家泉湾气象站开展了完整的2年(2014和2015年)大气无机氮干沉降和混合沉降(湿沉降加部分干沉降)监测.干沉降估算通过被动采样器采集的NH_3和NO_2浓度和Geos-Chem全球化学模式模拟的气体干沉降速率相乘获得;混合沉降的测定采用雨量器.结果表明,气态NH_3和NO_2年均浓度分别为8.8μg·m-3和19.6μg·m-3,且2015年NH_3月均浓度显著高于2014年.NH_3浓度的季节变化呈现春夏高、秋冬低的特征,而NO_2浓度季节变化幅度较小.降水中NH_4~+-N和NO-3-N年均浓度为2.2 mg·L~(-1)和1.8 mg·L~(-1),秋季降水NH_4~+-N浓度比其他季节低55%,而NO-3-N浓度在秋冬季比春夏季高约26%.气态NH_3和NO_2的干沉降量分别为9.0 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和2.8 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),降水中NH_4~+-N和NO-3-N的混合沉降量分别为7.6 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和6.2 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).还原态氮(NH_3和NH_4~+-N)在氮沉降中占主导地位.大气氮素总沉降(干沉降加混合沉降)量为25.6 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),为城郊农田提供重要的环境养分;但这一氮素输入量超过了陆地生态系统氮沉降临界负荷[10~20 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)],意味着研究区周边林地(如北山)和水体生态系统面临"氮饱和"的环境风险.     

Are parents ready to use autonomous vehicles to transport children? Concerns and safety features

Introduction: This study addressed a gap in the literature – the potential of using autonomous vehicles (AV) to enhance children’s mobility. Prior studies documented the perceived benefits and concerns about this prospect, but did not examine the features in AV and support mechanisms that are desired by potential users. Method: An on-line survey was used to collect public opinions within the United States. In the survey, willingness to use AVs for this use case was asked twice to assess if participants changed their mind after being asked about concerns related to this prospect and importance of car features. A combination of statistical and machine-learning methods were used to profile individuals with high versus low post-willingness and to identify variables that differentiated the two groups. Results: Results indicated that respondents who were lower on their post-willingness to use AVs to transport children were more concerned about how AVs would protect children, how someone could harm the children inside, and whether there would be someone at the destination. In addition, they were less in favor of technology, older in age, and rated car features such as having a designated adult waiting at destination, a camera, and a microphone as relatively required (as opposed to optional). These results highlight potential users’ needs and requirements as they think about AVs in the context of parent–children mobility practices. Practical Applications: Relevant stakeholders should develop deployment and implementation plans while taking into account ridership contexts and vulnerable road users who can benefit from enhanced mobility.     

青藏高原东南缘大气黑碳污染特征及其来源解析

黑碳是一种吸光物质,对全球变暖和区域气候变化具有重要作用;青藏高原又在气候、水资源、生物多样性、碳收支平衡等方面具有重要的生态作用。为了解青藏高原东南缘地区黑碳的污染特征及其来源,于云南省丽江市高美古地区进行春季（2018-03-15—2018-05-13）样品采集,采用热/光碳分析仪测定元素碳（EC）浓度,探究污染特征（EC、char-EC、soot-EC）、光学特征（b_abs、MAE）,并基于正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）和后向轨迹分析其来源。结果表明：春季EC浓度受生物质燃烧、旅游旺季等人为排放和沙尘等自然因素共同影响;EC与温差和太阳辐射呈正相关,与湿度呈显著负相关。Char-EC和soot-EC平均质量浓度分别为(0.35±0.20) μg·m⁻³和(0.07±0.04) μg·m⁻³,两者在EC中的占比分别为80.1%和19.9%。Char-EC/soot-EC比值均大于1,表明该区域受到生物质和煤炭燃烧影响较大。b_abs和MAE值在4月22日前后差异较大,主要与不同时期污染源占比有关。青藏高原东南缘EC主要受缅甸东北部气团传输影响,主要污染类型有生物质燃烧、扬尘、煤炭燃烧和交通源,其中生物质燃烧和扬尘源贡献占主导地位。     

青藏高原北部土壤正构烷烃氢同位素及物源意义

采用正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素组成特征相结合的方法研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区表层土壤正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₃₃）的生物来源.研究表明：表层土壤中正构烷烃呈双峰型和三峰型的分布特征,表明其具有多个生物来源.长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）主要来源于陆源高等植物.表层土壤中长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）中奇碳数正构烷烃的δD值比偶碳数的整体偏轻,原因可能是两者的生物合成途径不同.对中等链长正构烷烃聚类分析后分为两种类型,类型I的中等链长正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₂₄）主要来源于陆源高等植物,类型Ⅱ的中等链长正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物降解的产物.表层土壤样品（FHS-10、TG2-10和TG3-10）中等链长的正构烷烃δD值最轻,应为δD值偏轻的水源和细菌等微生物降解共同作用的结果.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

黄河上游生态脆弱区城市增长边界划定——以临夏回族自治州为例

黄河流域是我国重要的生态屏障和经济区,其上游水源涵养区对黄河流域的生态可持续发展起着决定性的作用。因此,科学统筹城乡发展、合理划定城市增长边界（UGB）,对于黄河流域生态保护与城市高质量发展具有重要意义。以黄河上游典型城市临夏回族自治州为研究对象,基于土地利用及相关遥感数据,运用遥感生态指数（RSEI）、生态敏感性分析评估了临夏回族自治州的生态质量,并在此基础上,结合CA-Markov对比分析了有无生态环境质量评价条件下未来城市增长边界发展情况。结果表明：（1）2005—2015年,临夏回族自治州生态环境整体较差且逐年下降,2015年生态质量（RSEI）结果降至最低（0.38）。同时,生态敏感性也从中度敏感变为低度敏感。（2）2005—2015年,研究区城市扩张面积增长6.04 km²,通过CA-Markov模拟得到的2030年城市建设用地规模为95.88 km²,超出规划面积3.2 km²,城市扩张未得到有效约束。（3）RSEI-CA-Markov模拟2030年的城市建设用地为90.36 km²,小于政府规划面积2.32 km²,符合城市可持续发展要求。因此,基于RSEI-CA-Markov划定的黄河上游生态脆弱地区UGB具有更强的城市管理能力,有利于引导和实现城市可持续发展,也可对中国其他生态脆弱城市生态—经济协调发展提供参考依据。     

昌吉州农村生态环境建设途径的探索研究

当前,农村生态环境形势严峻,点源污染与面源污染共存、生活污染和工业污染叠加、各种新旧污染与二次污染相互交织,已经成为新农村建设的极大障碍。文章以新疆昌吉州加强农村生态环境建设为背景,以开发农业循环经济理论为指导,大力发展生态农业,合理规划农村产业布局,促进新农村社会经济和环境保护的和谐发展。     

德宏州水污染防治问题探讨

指出了德宏州水环境所面临的问题及其产生的原因,提出了解决水污染问题的对策.     

晋陕蒙接壤区蔬菜生产的现状及发展对策

本文针对晋陕蒙接壤区能源重化工基地建设过程中，蔬菜生产的现状、存在的问题和解决方案等内容展开了深入的讨论。在多次实地考察和大量数据分析的基础上，本文认为，由于恶劣的自然环境条件和落后的种植方式的影响，该地区蔬菜生产的水平很低，无法适应大规模经济开发的需要。分析结果表明，该地区蔬菜生产的薄弱环节是淡季时间长，保护地生产所占比重甚小，专业化生产的程度低。结合作者本人在当地布点试验的成功经验和这一地区的实际情况，本文提出发展该地区蔬菜生产的对策为重点发展经济效益较高的保护地蔬菜的生产，以带动一般大路菜的生产和促进农业种植业的改革。在蔬菜生产基地的布局原则上，本文提出，应以目前的和规划中的重点城市为主要集散地和中心市场，以重点城市和重点工矿区为主要保障供给对象；在技术路线上，提出有重点、分批次和分阶段建设的方针；在组织措施上，提出完善各种市场调节机制，重视和引进科技力量，以及需要政府的有关单位作好扶持和推广工作等等。     

湘西州矿产资源的开发及其可持续利用对策

针对湘西州矿产资源开发利用中存在的主要问题,在分析其发展潜力与优势的基础上,探讨了湘西州矿产资源面向21世纪可持续利用的主要对策。